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''Centesimus annus'' (Latin for "hundredth year") is an encyclical which was written by Pope John Paul II in 1991 on the hundredth anniversary of ''Rerum novarum'', an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891. It is part of a larger body of writings, known as Catholic social teaching, that trace their origin to ''Rerum novarum'' and ultimately the New Testament. It was one of fourteen encyclicals issued by John Paul II. Cardinal Georges Cottier, Theologian emeritus of the Pontifical Household and Cardinal-Deacon of ''Santi Domenico e Sisto'', the University Church of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ''Angelicum'',〔( Consistory of October 21, 2003, Office of Liturgical Celebrations, Accessed 17 February 2013 )〕〔("Cottier, Card. George Marie Martin O.P.", Holy See Press Office, Accessed 17 February 2013 )〕 was influential in drafting the encyclical.〔(Valente, Gianni. In an interview in "30Days", 3-2004 Cottier remarked: "Going back to the early years, the first 'big' text I worked on was the social encyclical ''Centesimus annus''. And then the ''Ut unum sint'' on ecumenicalism, the moral encyclical ''Veritatis splendor'', and the ''Fides et ratio''… also the Catechism of the Catholic Church." Accessed 17 February 2013 )〕 == Overview == Written in 1991, during the last days of the Cold War, ''Centesimus annus'' specifically examines contemporaneous political and economic issues. The encyclical is partially a refutation of Marxist/communist ideology and a condemnation of the dictatorial regimes that practiced it. The particular historical context in which it was written prompted Pope John Paul II to condemn the horrors of the communist regimes throughout the world. However, the Pope also reserved condemnation for reactionary regimes that persecuted their populations, ostensibly to combat Marxism/communism. The encyclical expounds on issues of social and economic justice. The encyclical includes a defense of private property rights and the right to form private associations, including labor unions. It compares socialism to consumerism, identifying atheism as the source of their common denial, the dignity of the human person. The reoccurring themes of social and economic justice mentioned in ''Centesimus annus'' articulate foundational beliefs in the social teaching of the Catholic Church. Throughout the encyclical the Pope calls on the State to be the agent of justice for the poor and to protect human rights of all its citizens, repeating a theme from Pope Leo XIII's ''Rerum novarum''.〔37. Cf. Encyclical Letter ''Rerum novarum'': loc. cit., 101f.; 104f.; 130f.; 136.〕 Addressing the question of the State's obligation to defend human rights, Pope Leo XIII states:
But Pope John Paul II also defends private property, markets, and honorable business as necessary elements of a system of political economy that respects the dignity of the individual and allows the individual to express his full humanity. He formulates an Adam Smithian "invisible hand" argument:
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